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1st report of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Syria


A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Thu 2 Sep 2021
Source: Plant Disease [summ., edited]
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-21-1356-PDN


[Citation: Hasan ZM, Salem NM, Ismail ID, et al. First Report of
_Tomato brown rugose fruit virus_ on tomato in Syria. Plant Dis. 2021.
doi: 10.1094/PDIS-07-21-1356-PDN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 2017, virus-like symptoms were observed on glasshouse grown tomato
plants in the Tartous governorate, Syria, including leaf mosaic,
necrosis and discolouration on fruits. During the next growing
seasons, disease spread was observed in most of the Syrian coastal
regions. Disease incidence ranged from 40% to 70% by 2020. _Tomato
brown rugose fruit virus_ (ToBRFV) was suspected, especially due to
its presence in neighbouring countries such as Jordan and Turkey.

59 leaf samples from symptomatic plants from Tartous and 12 from
Lattakia governorates, as well as 5 asymptomatic samples from Tartous
and 2 from Lattakia, were tested for the presence of ToBRFV by
DAS-ELISA. 43 symptomatic samples were positive (38 from Tartous, 5
from Lattakia) but none of the asymptomatic ones. Mechanical
inoculation with leaf sap from infected plants to tomato (_Solanum
lycopersicum_) resulted in the same symptoms as the source plants.
Inoculation of tobacco (_Nicotiana tabacum_) as indicator species
resulted in necrotic lesions, confirming the presence of a
tobamovirus.

Sequencing of amplicons from ToBRFV specific RT-PCR showed a
nucleotide sequence similarity of around 99% to a ToBRFV isolate from
Turkey. _Tomato chlorosis virus_, _Tomato infectious chlorosis virus_,
_Pepino mosaic virus_, _Tomato torrado virus_, _Alfalfa mosaic virus_,
and _Tomato spotted wilt virus_ were not detected by respective
specific RT-PCR tests. ToBRFV was further confirmed by bioassays on
indicator plants, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, and additional sequencing. This
is the first report of ToBRFV in Syria, further investigations are
needed.

--
Communicated by:
PestLens
PestLens@usda.gov

[_Tomato brown rugose fruit virus_ (ToBRFV) was recently identified as
a new member of the genus _Tobamovirus_ (type member _Tobacco mosaic
virus_, TMV) in Jordan and soon after in Israel (see links below).
Since then, it has also been reported from a number of other countries
in Europe and the Mediterranean region, where it appears to be
spreading, as well as from North America and China. It was shown to
affect also capsicum and has been detected in both plants and seeds of
both crops. ToBRFV symptoms on tomato vary depending on host cultivar
but may include chlorosis, mottling, mosaic, crinkling (rugosis) on
leaves; necrotic spots on petioles and calyces; yellowish mottling,
brown spots, rugosis on fruit, making them unmarketable. On capsicum,
leaf symptoms are similar; fruits may be deformed with yellow mottling
or green stripes. Almost 100% incidence was reported for some
outbreaks in tomato but not every fruit on an infected plant may show
symptoms.

ToBRFV (like many tobamoviruses) is seed transmitted and can also be
spread by mechanical means, contaminated equipment, as well as with
plant or other materials. It is very stable and can remain infectious
for months outside a host. Recently, bumblebees which are used widely
as commercial pollinators in glasshouse tomato production, have been
shown to be effective vectors of ToBRFV (see link below). Volunteer
crop plants and solanaceous weed species are likely pathogen
reservoirs. The Tm-22 resistance gene used in some tomato cultivars to
protect from other tobamoviruses (such as _Tomato mosaic virus_) does
not appear to be effective against ToBRFV. Disease management relies
mainly on exclusion but may include phytosanitation (disinfecting
tools, removing crop debris) and control of virus reservoirs. Use of
certified clean seeds or tomato transplants is crucial. Research on
possible seed treatments to eliminate the virus is being carried out
(see link below). Tomato seeds are traded widely and are known to pose
a risk for spreading viruses and other pathogens internationally (for
example, ProMED post http://promedmail.org/post/20140122.2222560).

Coinfection of ToBRFV with _Pepino mosaic virus_ (genus _Potexvirus_)
and _Tomato spotted wilt virus_ (genus _Orthotospovirus_) have been
found (ProMED posts http://promedmail.org/post/20191029.6751082,
http://promedmail.org/post/20200507.7307615). It is thought that the
respective symptoms on tomatoes may be due to either virus or to
synergism. Further research is needed to clarify a potential role of
ToBRFV in coinfections and to determine whether its presence in
coinfections may have led to earlier cases of misdiagnosis and delayed
identification of this new virus.

Maps
Syria:
http://healthmap.org/promed/p/86 and
https://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/asia/political-map-of-Syria.gif
(with governorates)
Middle East region:
https://www.geopolitica.ru/sites/default/files/middle-east.jpg

Pictures
ToBRFV symptoms on tomato:
https://gd.eppo.int/media/data/taxon/T/TOBRFV/pics/1024x0/4137.jpg,
https://gd.eppo.int/media/data/taxon/T/TOBRFV/pics/1024x0/4138.jpg,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=inline&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170429.g001
and
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321639141/figure/fig2/AS:569722670247937@1512843877331/Tomato-brown-rugose-fruit-virus-ToBRFV-infected-tomato-Solanum-lycopersicum-plants.png

Links
Information and characterisation of ToBRFV:
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TOBRFV (with distribution map),
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00705-015-2677-7
(Jordan),
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170429
(Israel),
https://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=041020 (in capsicum) and via
https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Tomato-brown-rugose-fruit-virus/3579397
ToBRFV spread by pollinators:
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0210871
Tomato resistance breeding:
https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9265808/we-can-eradicate-tobrfv-from-the-tomato-industry-with-our-newly-found-resistance/
and
https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9272889/commercial-tomato-variety-with-tobrfv-resistance-to-be-offered-in-early-2021/
ToBRFV seed treatment:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-020-02151-1
International spread of tobamoviruses by seeds (review):
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321639141_Seed_Transmission_of_Tobamoviruses_Aspects_of_Global_Disease_Distribution
Virus taxonomy via:
https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/
- Mod.DHA]

[See Also:
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Austria, Switzerland: 1st reps
http://promedmail.org/post/20210811.8585572
Multiple viruses, tomato - India: (MH)
http://promedmail.org/post/20210705.8495612
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Turkey: (AL)
http://promedmail.org/post/20210524.8377530
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Italy: (SC) spread
http://promedmail.org/post/20210309.8235916
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - New Zealand: 1st rep
http://promedmail.org/post/20210113.8100865
2020
---
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Italy: (SC)
http://promedmail.org/post/20201112.7936491
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Africa: 1st rep (Egypt)
http://promedmail.org/post/20200507.7307615
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Spain: 1st rep (AN)
http://promedmail.org/post/20200206.6959141
2019
---
Virus double infection, tomato - Netherlands: (ZH)
http://promedmail.org/post/20191029.6751082
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - China: 1st rep (SD)
http://promedmail.org/post/20190903.6654138
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - UK, Turkey: 1st reps
http://promedmail.org/post/20190722.6580891
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Mexico: alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20190429.6448297
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus - Germany: 1st rep (NW)
http://promedmail.org/post/20190117.6264517
2018
---
Undiagnosed leaf curl virus, tomato seed - Egypt
http://promedmail.org/post/20181012.6086559
and additional items on tobamoviruses in the archives]


 



More news from: ISID (International Society for Infectious Diseases)


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Published: September 21, 2021

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